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Vix pervenit
''Vix pervenit'': On Usury and Other Dishonest Profit was an encyclical, promulgated by Pope Benedict XIV on November 1, 1745, which condemned the practice of charging interest on loans as usury. Because the encyclical was addressed to the Bishops of Italy, it is generally not considered ''ex cathedra''.〔Turner, Bryan Stanley. 1999. ''Max Weber: Critical Responses''. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-18473-8. p. 143.〕 The Holy Office applied the encyclical to the whole of the Roman Catholic Church on July 29, 1836, during the reign of Pope Gregory XVI.〔〔
The encyclical codified Church teachings which date back to early ecumenical councils, at a time when scholastic philosophy (which did not regard money as a productive input) was increasingly coming into conflict with capitalism. Though never formally retracted, the encyclical's relevance has faded as the Roman Catholic Church retreated from actively enforcing its social teachings in the financial sphere, and as the practice of charging interest on loans became very widely accepted, at least in the Western world.
==Historical context==
(詳細はFirst Council of Nicaea (325), which forbade clergy from engaging in usury.〔Moehlman, 1934, p. 6.〕 Later ecumenical councils applied this regulation to the laity.〔〔Noonan, John T., Jr. 1993. "Development of Moral Doctrine." 54 Theological Stud. 662.〕
Lateran III decreed that persons who accepted interest on loans could receive neither the sacraments nor Christian burial.〔Moehlman, 1934, p. 6-7.〕 Pope Clement V made the belief in the right to usury heresy in 1311, and abolished all secular legislation which allowed it.〔〔Moehlman, 1934, p. 7.〕 Pope Sixtus V condemned the practice of charging interest as "detestable to God and man, damned by the sacred canons and contrary to Christian charity."〔 Theological historian John Noonan argues that "the doctrine (usury ) was enunciated by popes, expressed by three ecumenical councils, proclaimed by bishops, and taught unanimously by theologians."〔
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